Syphilis: Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment

What are the clinical manifestations and complications of untreated syphilis?, How is syphilis diagnosed and treated and why is early detection important?

Syphilis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through different stages, each with specific symptoms and potential complications if left untreated.

Stages and Symptoms of Syphilis

Primary Syphilis
- A single, painless sore (chancre) appears at the site of infection, usually on the genitals, mouth, or rectum.
- The sore heals within a few weeks, even without treatment.
Secondary Syphilis
- A widespread rash develops, often affecting the palms and soles.
- Flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and muscle aches may occur.
- Other signs include mouth ulcers and wart-like growths (condylomata lata) in moist areas.
Latent Syphilis
- No visible symptoms but the infection remains in the body.
- This stage can last for years.
Tertiary Syphilis (If untreated)
- Can damage the heart, blood vessels, brain, and nerves.
- May lead to complications like dementia, vision loss, paralysis, and cardiovascular disease.
- Gummas (soft, tumor-like growths) may form in various organs.

Diagnosis of Syphilis

Blood tests are the most common method.
- Nontreponemal tests (RPR, VDRL) detect general antibodies.
- Treponemal tests (FTA-ABS, TPPA) confirm syphilis by detecting specific T. pallidum antibodies.
Lumbar puncture may be needed if neurosyphilis is suspected.

Treatment of Syphilis

Primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis: A single dose of penicillin G injection.
Late latent or tertiary syphilis: Three penicillin injections given weekly.
Neurosyphilis: Requires intravenous penicillin for 10–14 days.

Why Early Detection Matters

Early treatment prevents severe complications and stops the spread of the infection. Pregnant women should be tested because untreated syphilis can lead to congenital syphilis, causing birth defects or stillbirth. Regular screening, safe sexual practices, and notifying partners are crucial in controlling syphilis. APA