The Neuman Systems Model was developed by Betty Neuman, a nursing theorist, educator, and consultant in 1972. The model has since undergone revisions and refinements. Neuman Systems Model views individuals as dynamic systems in interaction with their environments. The framework also emphasizes the importance of maintaining optimal wellness and stability in the face of stressors and environmental influences. One of the model’s key concepts is the client system, representing the individual, group, family, or community being served by nursing care. The other key concept is the environment, which encompasses internal or factors that are within the patients’ control and external factors meaning the factors outside of the patients’ control that influence the client system.
The other key concept of the Neuman Systems Model is health, which is viewed as a continuum ranging from wellness to illness. The primary goal of health is to maintain or restore optimal wellness by managing stressors. Stressors are stimuli that challenge or threaten the stability of the client system including physical, psychological, sociocultural, and spiritual factors. According to this model, patients have flexible lines of defense and resistance to protect against stressors. These lines represent the various levels of defense mechanisms and coping strategies. Education and counseling can help to strengthens the lines. Besides, Neuman Systems Model emphasizes on the importance of preventive care to maintain wellness and prevent illness. Nurses have a responsibility to identify and intervene proactively to manage potential stressors before they disrupt the client system’s stability.
This model provides a holistic framework for understanding the dynamic interplay between individuals and their environments. The model also encourages active participation from clients in their own care as this empower individuals to take control of their health and well-being. The framework promote optimal health and wellness through proactive assessment, intervention, and evaluation.