Eyes; Ears; Nose and Throat Compare landmarks of the neck on a male versus those on a female. (I can’t find the
answer to this Might it be wrongly phrased?)
Which is the largest endocrine gland in the body, and what two hormones does it produce?
The largest endocrine gland in the human body is the thyroid gland. The two main hormones
produced by thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).
In older adults, why does the thyroid gland become more fibrotic?
Thyroid gland is more fibrotic in old adults because of natural changes that occur in thyroid
function as a person ages. As a result of the changes, the rate at which thyroid hormone is
secreted and cleared is reduced.
Beginning after 16 weeks of gestation, many pregnant women develop blotchy, brownish
hyperpigmentation of the face, particularly over the malar prominences and the forehead.
Name this condition.
The condition of pregnant women in which blotchy, brownish hyperpigmentation of the face is
called Melasma or ‘chloasma’ or ‘pregnancy mask’.
A newborn admitted to the nursery is observed to have bruising on the side of the face and
molding.
What pertinent history must be obtained concerning this newborn?
Bruises on a newborn’s face are commonly as a result of the baby’s passage through the birth
canal during delivery. However, some of the bruises are signs of birth trauma. Pertinent history
on the weight of the baby, labor duration, and mother’s health before delivery must be obtained.
List the techniques necessary for accurate thyroid gland examination.
The techniques that are necessary for accurate thyroid gland examination include:
Location of thyroid through inspection
Palpate the thyroid to identify nodules by use of anterior or posterior approach
Note the number and size of the nodules
Note the consistency of the nodule
Palpate regional lymph nodes for consistency and mobility
Examination of a newborn 24 hours after birth reveals subcutaneous edema in the parietal
region, which when palpated is firm and well defined and does not cross suture lines.
What is the physiologic basis of this finding?
The physiologic basis of subcutaneous edema in the parietal region findings include long and
difficult delivery, excessive force applied by a physician or incorrect use of tools.
Name the technique used for every newborn and older infant who has a suspected
intracranial lesion or rapidly increasing head circumference Ectropion.
The technique used for every newborn and older infant who has a suspected intracranial lesion is
the computed tomography.
Which structures comprise the external eye?
The external structures of the eye include the sclera, cornea, iris, caruncle, pupil, eye lid, and eye
lashes
The four rectus and two oblique muscles attached to the eye are innervated by which
cranial nerves?
The four rectus muscle and tow oblique muscles attached to the eye are innervated by the
oculomotor nerve (III).
Compare and contrast changes in the eye associated with the following conditions:
a. Hyperthyroidism and Cataracts
Hyperthyroidism is characterized by watery eyes, dry eyes, red eyes, double vision, bulging eyes
and difficulty in closing the eyes while cataracts is characterized by faded colors, trouble seeing
at night, and blurry vision.
b. Diabetes mellitus and chronic hypertension
The changes in the eyes for a diabetic patient include poor vision or even blindness while chronic
hypertension damages the blood vessels in the retina.
c. Glaucoma and Cataracts
Glaucoma is characterized by permanent vision loss or total blindness while cataracts is
characterized by faded color, trouble seeing at night, blurred vision and double vision.
How is visual acuity recorded, and what does it indicate?
Results are recorded as a fraction
The numbers at the top represent the distance at which the chart was represented.
The numbers at the bottom identify the position of the smallest line on the chart
6/60 indicates that the patient can only see the top letters while at a distance of six meters.
What is characterized by loss of definition of the optic disc that initially occurs superiorly
and inferiorly and then nasally and temporally?
Non-glaucomatous optic disc cupping (NGODC) is the condition characterized by loss of
definition of the optic disc that occurs superiorly and inferiorly and then nasally and temporally.
Differentiate between flame-shaped, round, and dot hemorrhages.
Flame shaped hemorrhages is the situation where blood accumulates at the nerve fiber layer level
to reflect the nerve fiber layer structures structure while dot hemorrhages is the situation where
blood accumulates in the outer plexiform or inner nuclear layers, or more easily seen at
peripheral retina where the nerve fiber layer is thin. Eyes; Ears; Nose and Throat
At 3 years of age, what visual acuity is expected?
At 3 years of age, a child is expected to have a visual acuity of 20/50
c
Horner syndrome or Oculosympathetic paresis is the disorder that is caused by the interruption of
the sympathetic nerve supply to the eye and result in ipsilateral miosis and mild ptosis.
Anatomy of the ear. (I don’t understand what this is)
What are the functions of the ear?
The ear’s function is to transmit and reduce sound to the brain through the outer ear, the middle
ear and the inner ear. The year also functions to maintain the sense of balance.
What are the functions of the nose and nasopharynx?
The major functions of the nose are smelling, breathing and filtration of foreign particles. The
nasopharynx connects the nose and the mouth and allows a person to breathe through the nose. It
also fights infections through adenoid tissues and provides drainage path for lymphatic fluids.
Compare the risk factors for hearing loss in infants and children versus those for adults.
Hearing loss in both infants and children and adults is caused by risk factors such as a perforated
eardrum, otosclerosis diseases, infections, head injury, and exposure to loud noise.
Explain the effect of anticholinergic drugs on oral mucous membranes.
Anticholinergic drug causes reduced saliva. This is because it has an activity against the M3
muscarinic receptor.
: Otitis Externa, Acute Otitis Media, and Otitis Media with Effusion.
Create a chart differentiating these conditions by listing signs and symptoms of each.
Condition
Sign and
symptoms Otitis Externa
Hearing loss, Pain in the
ear, itching, and skin
redness
Acute Otitis Media Ear pain, fever, loss of appetite,
ringing, headache and nausea
Otitis media with
effusion
Hearing loss and nonpurulent
effusion Eyes; Ears; Nose and Throat
Explain the potential effect on nasopharynx or oropharynx development if substance abuse
occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy
Substance abuse during the first trimester of pregnancy can cause long-lasting effects on
structure and function of the brain system. Fetal alcohol syndrome is one of the conditions as a
result of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and affects limb and facial development,
impairments, and reduced birth brain and weight. Nicotine consumption during the first trimester
of pregnancy causes disruption on the cholinergic system which affects brain development.
During a routine examination of a 3-month-old infant, the mother becomes concerned
because her child will not turn his head toward a sound. What is the appropriate response
to give this mother?
The mother whose 3-month old son does not turn his head towards sound can respond best
through cochlear implant or seeking for hearing aid.
Describe the measures required to carry out a safe otoscopic examination on a toddler.
To carry out a safe otoscopic examination on a toddler, be sure to clean the speculum and turn on
the instrument’s light. Pull the outer ear gently straight back to straighten the ear canal and to
enhance vision. Ensure that your pinky fingers rest on your shoulders when the instrument is in
the ear canal. Look through the viewing end of the otoscope.
: A pregnant woman at 21 weeks of gestation is concerned about her decreased sense of
smell and loss of hearing. What is the cause of this patient’s concerns?
This patient might be having Eustachian tube dysfunction. During pregnancy, a woman’s hearing
ability is lost as a result of increasing mucosal oedma. It can also be caused by patulous tube
when the pregnant woman does not gain adequate weight. Eyes; Ears; Nose and Throat
Discuss the risk factors of oral cancer.
The risk factors of oral cancer include; tobacco use, alcohol use, and exposure to excessive sun
rays on your lips among others.
An older male patient tells you that he is experiencing a sudden hearing loss. What is the
priority consideration?
The priority consideration for a male patient experiencing hearing loss is chronic diseases such
as kidney disease, diabetes, and heart disease.
: An infant’s hearing may be impaired as a result of an insult to him or her during which
trimester of pregnancy?
An infant is at a higher risk of losing hearing ability during the first trimester of the pregnancy
: A negative Rinne test result, or bone conduction heard longer than air conduction in the
affected ear, is indicative of which type of hearing loss?
A negative Rinne test result or none conduction heard longer than air conduction in the affected
ear indicates sensorineural hearing loss.
DK is a 29-year-old patient who presents to the health clinic with multiple complaints. His
past medical history includes allergies and allergic rhinitis.
His social history includes cigarette smoking. His family history includes a mother who had
allergies and a father who had asthma.
The signs and symptoms include cough worse at night, purulent nasal discharge, and
frontal headache, maxillary sinus tenderness on palpation, orbital swelling, and maxillary
tooth pain.
1. Identify the patient’s signs of sinusitis.
The signs of sinusitis in DK include coughing, frontal headache, maxillary tooth pain, purulent
nasal discharge, and maxillary sinus tenderness.
2. Identify the patient’s symptoms of sinusitis. (Repeated)
3. What is the primary etiology of the sinusitis?
The primary etiology of sinusitis can either be viruses, allergies, fungi, bacteria or autoimmune
reaction. Eyes; Ears; Nose and Throat