The social structure in primates is influenced by factors such as human activities, body
size, relationship with other species, and Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR). Primates that have a
large body size require fewer calories per unit weight compared to smaller animals. Human
activities such as hunting and forest clearing negatively impacts the primates as they disrupt,
isolate, and reduce the available resources causing extinction (Jurmain et al., 2016). The primates
do associating with other primates or non-primate species for many reasons one of which is
predator avoidance. Small animals have a higher BMR compared to large animals and thus
require diets rich in proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Biological Anthropology
Chapter Eight: Primate and Hominin Origins
Identify characteristics that exemplify the pre-Australopiths
The pre-Australopiths had a mix of human and ape characteristics. The characteristics
include a strong projecting lower jaw, a flat nose, curved fingers, small brain, and long strong
arms (Jurmain et al., 2016).
Identify the various species of Australopithecus and give key points for each
The species of Australopithecus are afarensis, anamensis, bahrelghazali, boisei, robustus,
aethiopicus, and africanus. Afarensis dates to at least 3.75 million years ago, was 3.5- 5ft tall,
and weighed 20-50 kilograms (Jurmain et al., 2016). Boisei and robustus had similar
characteristics among them large premolar and molars, and thick jaws. Anamensis lived over 4
million years ago and had a human-like ankle joint, and expanded shin bone (Jurmain et al.,2016). Bahrelghazali had large molars and canines, tooth enamel, and premolars with three roots. Read more
Aethiopicus had a powerful jaw, strong protruding face, and large teeth. Africanus could walk on
two legs, had long arms, and slightly curved finger and toe bones. Biological Anthropology
Chapter Nine: Primate First Dispersal of the Homo: Homo erectus and the
Contemporaries
List and explain the various evolutionary trends that have been discovered for Homo
erectus
The evolutionary trends for Homo erectus include small teeth, large brain capacity, short
arms and long legs. The relatively smaller teeth in Homo erectus are associated with the intake of
softer foods such as cooked food and meat (Jurmain et al., 2016). The short arms and elongated
legs were adaptations due to the changed living environment that is from trees to the ground. The
large brain capacity is said to have been caused by the relatively large size of the face.
Identify and explain in detail the difference between the first known tool industry of
Australopithecus and Homo erectus

The first tools made by Australopithecus were Oldowan tools while the first told made by
Hme erectus were stone axes. Oldowan tools were made of stone and were used for chopping
and scraping. Homo erectus, on the other hand, developed stone axes and used them for killing
animals while hunting and cutting meat. Oldowan tools were discovered approximately 2.5-1.7
million years ago while stone exes were discovered approximately 1.7 million years ago
(Jurmain et al., 2016). Biological Anthropology
Chapter Ten: Pre-modern Humans

Identify areas of Neanderthal culture and explain their importance
Neanderthal remains can be found in sites such as Combe Grenal, Bau de I’Abesier,
Engis, Swanscombe Heritage Park, Ehringsdorf, Veldwezelt-Hezerwater, and Bontnewydd. The
identified areas of Neanderthal culture are important because they attract historical and cultural
tourists (Jurmain et al., 2016). They also help us understand and respect people who live in
different areas and exhibit different habits.
Chapter Eleven: The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans
Identify and explain the different theories that explain human expansion
Theories that explain human expansion include the pull and push theory, neoclassical
economic theory, and world-systems theory. Ravenstein of England coined the pull and push
theory in the 19 th Century (Amaral, 2019). It states that human beings migrate because of factors
that push them out of their existing nation such as war and factors that pull them in to another
such as better opportunities (Amaral, 2019). Neoclassical economic theory of migration is of the
opinion that human beings migrate from regions that is rich in labor but compensation is low to
regions that are poor in labor but offering satisfactory compensation (Amaral, 2019). The world
systems theory posits that migration is occurs naturally following economic globalization
(Amaral, 2019).
Importance of technological and artistic developments in the early human history
Invention of stone tools was the first technological development by the early man. This
was an important step because the stone tools enabled them to hunt and butcher animals with
ease. Additionally, the invention of fire allowed the early humans to cook food, warm, and protect themselves (Froese, 2019). The development of art such as cave painting enable the early
man to communicate. Biological Anthropology