There are many possible causes of non-cancerous (benign) breast lumps. Two of the most common causes of benign single breast lumps are cysts and fibroadenomas. In addition, several other conditions can present themselves as lumps, such as fat necrosis and sclerosing adenosis. Only your healthcare provider can diagnose your breast lump.  Benign breast conditions A breast […]

This important force field model forms the foundation of Lewin’s three-stage theory on change. Unfreezing is the first stage, which involves the process of finding a method to assist individuals in letting go of an old pattern of behaviour and facilitating individuals in overcoming resistance and group conformity . In this stage, disequilibrium occurs to disrupt […]

Depression ranges in seriousness from mild, temporary episodes of sadness to severe, persistent depression. Clinical depression is the more-severe form of depression, also known as major depression or major depressive disorder. It isn’t the same as depression caused by a loss, such as the death of a loved one, or a medical condition, such as […]

Femicide, also known as feminicide, is the most extreme form of gender-based violence (GBV) and is defined as the “intentional murder of women because they are women.”  According to the World Health Organisation (WHO),”most cases of femicide are committed by partners or ex-partners, and involve ongoing abuse in the home, threats or intimidation, sexual violence or situations where […]

The birth of a baby can trigger a jumble of powerful emotions, from excitement and joy to fear and anxiety. But it can also result in something you might not expect — depression. Most new moms experience postpartum “baby blues” after childbirth, which commonly include mood swings, crying spells, anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Baby blues […]

Resource leveraging refers to systematically assessing the use of existing resources, identifying the need for additional resources, or creating new resources in community and State systems to address identified needs (e.g., leveraging existing funding streams or newly identified funding from agencies or organizations not previously accessed, and leveraging new opportunities, such as those available through […]

What is Hypothyroidism Disorder? Hypothyroidism is a common condition where the thyroid doesn’t create and release enough thyroid hormone into your bloodstream. This makes your metabolism slow down. Also called underactive thyroid, hypothyroidism can make you feel tired, gain weight and be unable to tolerate cold temperatures. The main treatment for hypothyroidism is hormone replacement […]

Imogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment was developed by Imogene King in the early 1960s. It describes a dynamic, interpersonal relationship in which a patient grows and develops to attain certain life goals. The theory explains that factors which can affect the attainment of goals are roles, stress, space, and time. In other words, the […]

Bleeding & coatings disorders; A bleeding disorder is a condition that affects the way your blood normally clots. The clotting process, also known as coagulation, changes blood from a liquid to a solid. When you’re injured, your blood normally begins to clot to prevent a massive loss of blood. Sometimes, certain conditions prevent blood from […]

Polycythemia Vera symptoms usually develop slowly over many years. Often, the disorder is found incidentally on a blood test as part of a routine exam before noticeable symptoms occur. Occasionally, affected individuals may report vague, nonspecific symptoms that eventually lead to diagnosis of the disorder. Many individuals with polycythemia vera slowly development a variety of […]

Cell division; Meiosis  .Meiosis; The main purpose of this type of cell division is to produce sex cells. The daughter cells from this division have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cells. At the end of the division process, a diploid parent cell ends up being a haploid daughter cell. During reproduction, two […]

C.B. is a significantly overweight, 48-year-old woman from the Winnebago Indian tribe who had high blood sugar and cholesterol levels three years ago but did not follow up with a clinical diagnostic work-up. She had participated in the state’s annual health screening program and noticed that her fasting blood sugar was 141 and her cholesterol […]

R.H. is a 74-year-old black woman, who presents to the family practice clinic for a scheduled appointment. She complains of feeling bloated and constipated for the past month, some-times going an entire week with only one bowel movement. Until this episode, she has been very regular all of her life, having a bowel movement every […]

Psychotherapy in mental health is a general term for treating mental health problems by talking with a psychiatrist, psychologist or other mental health provider. During psychotherapy, you learn about your condition and your moods, feelings, thoughts and behaviors. Psychotherapy helps you learn how to take control of your life and respond to challenging situations with […]

The theory of human caring argues that caring is the moral ideal of nursing whereby the end is protection, enhancement, and preservation of human dignity. The nursing theorist Jean Watson also developed the ‘caritas’ processes in support of this theory. According to the theory, caring begins with being present, open to compassion, mercy, gentleness, loving […]

Attachment theory focuses on relationships and bonds (particularly long-term) between people, including those between a parent and child and between romantic partners. British psychologist John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist. He described attachment as a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings.”1 Bowlby was interested in understanding the anxiety and distress that children experience when separated […]