Hepatitis B: Symptoms and Management

What are the symptoms diagnosis and treatment options for hepatitis B?, How does chronic hepatitis B infection lead to complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma?, What role do vaccines play in prevention?

Hepatitis B: Symptoms and Management

Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), primarily affecting the liver. It can present as an acute or chronic infection, with varying degrees of severity. Chronic hepatitis B infection is a major global health concern due to its potential complications, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Symptoms of Hepatitis B

The clinical presentation of hepatitis B varies depending on whether the infection is acute or chronic.

• Acute Hepatitis B: Symptoms develop within 1 to 4 months after exposure and may include:
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
  • Dark urine
  • Abdominal pain
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Joint pain
• Chronic Hepatitis B: Many individuals remain asymptomatic for years, but long-term infection can lead to:
  • Persistent fatigue
  • Liver inflammation
  • Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)
  • Increased risk of liver cancer

Diagnosis of Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect HBV antigens, antibodies, and viral DNA. Key diagnostic tests include:

• Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): Indicates active infection.
• Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs): Indicates immunity from vaccination or past infection.
• Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc): Detects past or ongoing infection.
• HBV DNA test: Measures viral load to assess the severity of infection.
• Liver function tests: Evaluate liver damage.

Treatment Options

• Acute Hepatitis B: Supportive care is provided, as most cases resolve without treatment.
• Chronic Hepatitis B:
  • Antiviral medications (e.g., tenofovir, entecavir) suppress viral replication.
  • Regular monitoring of liver function and cancer risk is essential.
  • Liver transplant may be necessary in severe cases.

Prevention

• Vaccination: The hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective prevention method.
• Safe Practices: Avoiding needle sharing, practicing safe sex, and screening blood donations help reduce transmission.

Early detection and management are crucial in preventing complications and improving outcomes for individuals with hepatitis B. APA