Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) or dysthymia, is a continuous long-term form of depression. It is characterized by loss of interest in normal daily activities, feeling hopeless, lack productivity, low self-esteem and an overall feeling of inadequacy. These feelings last for years and may significantly interfere with your relationships, school, work and daily activities. People who have persistent depressive disorder may find it hard to be upbeat even on happy occasions. They are described as having a gloomy personality, constantly complaining or incapable of having fun. Though persistent depressive disorder is not as severe as major depression, your current depressed mood may be mild, moderate or severe.

Because of its chronic nature, coping with depression symptoms can be challenging, but a combination of talk therapy (psychotherapy) and medication can be effective in treating this condition. The symptoms of PDD usually come and go over a period of years, and their intensity can change over time. But typically symptoms don’t disappear for more than two months at a time. In addition, major depression episodes may occur before or during PDD — this is sometimes called double depression. The most common symptoms of persistent depressive disorder include loss of interest in daily activities, sadness, emptiness or feeling down, hopelessness, tiredness and lack of energy, low self-esteem, self-criticism or feeling incapable, trouble concentrating and trouble making decisions, irritability or excessive anger, decreased activity, effectiveness and productivity, feelings of guilt and worries over the past.

The exact cause of PDD is not known. It is believed to be caused by a combintaion of biological differences, brain chemistry, inherited traits, and life events. Persistent depressive disorder appears to be more common in people whose blood relatives also have the condition. Traumatic events such as the loss of a loved one, financial problems or a high level of stress can trigger PDD in some people. The risk factors of this condition icnlude having a first-degree relative with major depressive disorder, stressful life events, personality traits that include negativity, and history of other mental health disorders. MLA